and innate immunity - natural killer cells (NK-cells), neutrophils, natural Treg (nTreg), which interact and are mutually regulated, play a significant role ( The clinical manifestation of the autoimmune phenotype towards HT or GD largely depends on the balance of the immune response induced by T-helper cells (Th1 or Th2), antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and the cytokine profile that dominates at that moment in the thyroid parenchyma ( In HT patients, primary hypothyroidism occurs after the destruction of CD8 + and MF directly or with the help of released cytokines by NK-cells in ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) of a sufficient number of follicular cells that produce TG ( Figure 1
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It stimulates the Akt/mTOR pathway, promoting cell survival and apoptosis inhibition
When chondrocytes are cultured and expanded for autologous chondrocyte implantation (a cartilage repair procedure), they accumulate senescent cells that reduce the quality of engineered cartilage tissue (Zhu et al., 2021)
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 28.Al-Mutairi N, Al-Haddad A