Smoking causes harmful free radicals into the body, further diminishing glutathione's ability to neutralize toxins and protect cells
Protein concentration was quantified using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific 23209)
Prolonged homeostatic disruption impairs protein degradation processes, weakens molecular chaperone capacity, fosters inflammation, and incites mitochondrial damage through ROS/Ca 2+ , potentially affecting the follicular microenvironment and oocyte developmental potential [332, 333]
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GLP-1 plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying