J Biomed Sci (2014) 21:39.10.1186/1423-0127-21-39 39 EckhertCDHsuMHPangN
Gogvadze V, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B
Medical conditions affecting absorption warrant particular attention : Pernicious anaemia : an autoimmune condition destroying gastric parietal cells, requiring lifelong B12 injections Gastrointestinal surgery : particularly gastric bypass, gastrectomy, or terminal ileum resection Inflammatory bowel disease : Crohn's disease affecting the terminal ileum impairs absorption Coeliac disease : untreated disease damages the small intestine, reducing B12 uptake Medication use : long-term metformin therapy (MHRA safety alert) or nitrous oxide exposure Symptoms suggesting possible B12 deficiency include : persistent fatigue, weakness, paraesthesia (pins and needles) in hands or feet, glossitis (sore, red tongue), mood changes, memory problems, or unexplained anaemia
A study of dosages up to 15 grams per day showed no adverse effects and most importantly, the participants had improved fatty liver scores.* 17 Another study found that there were no gastrointestinal effects at 35 grams per day.* 15 The tolerable dose of allulose is estimated to be 30 to 35 grams for a 132-pound person taken as a single dose
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